# Cult of Sea

> Maritime Knowledge base


## Posts

- [Fire Wires or Emergency Towing-off Pennants (ETOP's), MEG 4, ISGOTT Edn 6th Recommendations](https://www.cultofsea.com/tanker/fire-wires-or-emergency-towing-off-pennants-etops-meg-4-isgott-edn-6th-recommendations/): Emergency Towing-off Pennants or ETOP's is usually referred to as “fire wires,” which provide a method of towing the vessel away from the berth in the event of an emergency.  The intent of rigging fire wires or emergency towing pennants is to facilitate the movement of the vessel by tugs without the necessity of putting people on board to rig lines. In other words, it is used to assist tugs in the removal of the ship without the intervention of any crew member.
- [Safety Officer Onboard - Definition, Duties and Powers](https://www.cultofsea.com/safety/safety-officer-onboard/): Safety Officer onboard the vessel is an appointed safety adviser who promotes safety onboard by carrying out inspections, identifying hazards and potential hazards to health, safety and the environment with subject to the agreement of the Master. The safety officer should be familiar with the principles and practice of risk assessment and should be available to advise those preparing and reviewing risk assessments. It is recognised that where the safety officer also has other responsibilities (e.g. chief officer) they may well conduct risk assessments themselves. However, the general principle is that the safety officer takes an independent view of safety on behalf of the Company.
- [What is General Average & the importance of York-Antwerp Rules ?](https://www.cultofsea.com/maritime-law/what-is-general-average-the-importance-of-york-antwerp-rules/): There is a General Average act when and only when any extraordinary or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety, for the purpose of preserving from peril, the property involved in a common maritime adventure.  YARs are a set of rules set out by Ship Owners, Merchants, Underwriters and Adjusters for the benefit of the settlement of General Average.  It has to be mentioned in the Charter Party or Bill of Lading that G.A. will be as per York Antwerp Rules.
- [What is a Marine Policy? Basics you need to know!](https://www.cultofsea.com/maritime-law/what-is-a-marine-policy-basics-you-need-to-know/): A contract of Marine Insurance shall not be submitted in evidence unless it is embodied in a Marine Policy accordance with Marine Insurance Act. The policy may be executed and issued either at the time when the contract is concluded or afterwards. Dictionary Meaning of ” POLICY ” :  A set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed to officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government, or a political party. Before proceeding further, please go through an example below: A Marine Policy must specify the following: Name of the […]
- [Documentary Credit System in Shipping - Basics Explained with Flowchart](https://www.cultofsea.com/cargo-work/documentary-credit-system-in-shipping-basics-explained-with-flowchart/): Documentary Credit System is a payment system used in international trade where the BUYER and SELLER are from different countries. It is developed to include a measure of security to trade transactions by involving a third party, the BANK. The bank provides additional security for both parties i.e. it plays the role of an intermediary by assuring the seller that he will be paid if he provides the bank with the required documents and by assuring the buyer that his money will not be paid unless the shipping documents evidencing proper shipment of his goods are presented. How Documentary Credit […]
- [Propeller Cavitation Explained - Cause, Types, Effects & Avoidance](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-construction/propeller-cavitation-explained-cause-types-effects-avoidance/): Cavitation of a ship’s propeller is phenomena that can greatly reduce a ship propelling efficiency whilst at the same time lead to rapid degradation of the propellor. To learn further about cavitation, we need to get familiar or refresh our knowledge regarding Liquid vapour phases. Solid (ice) Liquid (water) Vapour (steam) The phases of liquid and vapour are influenced by temperature and pressure. Water is normally observed to change its state to the form of vapour when its temperature is raised to above 100 deg C at atmospheric pressure. Water can also vaporise when the pressure is reduced under normal […]
- [Technical Aspects of GMDSS Equipments - Propagation, Modulation, Terrestrial Equipment & Antenna](https://www.cultofsea.com/gmdss/technical-aspects-of-gmdss-equipments-propagation-modulation-equipment-antenna-frequency/): GMDSS Radio Signals Radio signals are transmitted as electromagnetic radiation and occupy the frequency range 3 kHz ~ 300 GHz. The radiofrequency range is divided into a number of bands. In the GMDSS system both terrestrial and satellite methods of communications are interlocked in order to provide an extremely reliable scheme to alert rescue authorities in the event of a vessel being in distress. Frequencies in the MF, HF and VHF bands are used for terrestrial communications via Coast Radio Stations (CRS). Frequencies in the SHF bands are used for satellite communications. It’s important to note that communications via INMARSAT […]
- [Note of Protest vs Letter of Protest - Why, When and Differences between NOP & LOP](https://www.cultofsea.com/cargo-work/note-of-protest-vs-letter-of-protest-why-when-and-differences-between-nop-lop/): Note of Protest Note of Protest or a NOP is a solemn declaration made on oath by a Ship Master that circumstances beyond his control have or may have given rise to loss and/or damage to his ship or its cargo or have caused him to take action which may render owners liable to legal action by another party. When to Note Protest? Whenever during the voyage, the ship has encountered conditions of wind and sea which may result in damage to cargo. When from any course, the ship is damaged or there is a reason to fear that damage […]
- [Frontal Depressions - Types of Fronts, Weather Associated and Frontolysis](https://www.cultofsea.com/meteorology/frontal-depressions-types-of-fronts-weather-associated-and-frontolysis/): Air Masses It is defined as a quantity of air with dimensions of about 500nm  or so, with little or no horizontal variation of any of its properties, especially temperature. Air masses are named after the sources from which they originate. Main air masses on the Earth are Tropical Air Masses and Polar Air Masses. Changes in the weather are caused by the movement of air masses. Factors affecting the properties of an Air-Mass Source region – if the air mass is of Polar origin, it will be cold and if of tropical origin, it will be warm. Its track […]
- [Clouds - Formation and Ten different Types](https://www.cultofsea.com/meteorology/clouds-formation-and-ten-different-types-seen-at-sea/): General Clouds are a collection of water droplets or ice crystals, or a combination of these two states of water, suspended in the atmosphere. The temperature of the air decreases steadily with increasing altitude, but the amount of water vapor does not necessarily decrease with altitude. Thus, the relative humidity typically rises with altitude. If it rises to 100% at a certain level, clouds can form at and above that level, because condensation forms on airborne dust particles. The development of clouds is accelerated by atmospheric updrafts, when moist air ascends to great heights. The higher the relative humidity, in general, […]
- [Shipboard Plate and Construction Terms](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-construction/shipboard-plate-and-construction-terms-2/): ‘A’ Frame – A support structure to provide rigidity to the shaft of a twin-propeller construction. It is shaped like a turned-over ‘A’, hence its name, where the propeller shaft is supported at the apex of the structure. Aft Peak Tank – A water tank set right aft of the vessel. It will either be a designated freshwater tank or a ballast water tank used for adjusting the ship’s trim. Beam Knees – Triangular steel plates secured between beams or half-beams and the side frames. They tend to compensate for racking stresses and localised stresses from heavyweights. Beams – These are […]
- [The Inclining Experiment - Ascertain the GM of Vessel](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-stability/the-inclining-experiment/): Purpose Ship’s stability calculations not only rely on the ship’s geometry but also on the knowledge of where the ship’s centre of gravity (G) is positioned. Although the distance of G from the keel can be ascertained for various conditions that the ship may be in, it is essential that it is accurately known for one specified ship condition. To this end, the need to carry out an inclining experiment becomes necessary and from this, two facts should become known: the displacement; and the position of G in a known ship’s condition. The inclining test is carried out to find the lightship KG at […]
- [Ship's Log and Log Distance](https://www.cultofsea.com/bridge-equipment/ships-log-and-log-distance/): An instrument for measuring the speed of a ship through water is called a ship’s, or maritime, log. The same word is also applied to the daily record of a ship, though it is more properly termed a logbook. History In the years of sailing ships, the Dutchman’s log was an early method of calculating ship speed. An object that would float was thrown into the water near the forward part of a ship. In the after, or rear, section, a sailor with a sandglass noted the time taken for the ship to pass the object floating in the water. […]
- [The Marine Chronometer](https://www.cultofsea.com/bridge-equipment/the-marine-chronometer/): The spring-driven marine chronometer is a precision timepiece used aboard ship to provide accurate time for celestial observations. A chronometer differs from a spring-driven watch principally in that it contains a variable lever device to maintain even pressure on the mainspring, and a special balance designed to compensate for temperature variations. A spring-driven chronometer is set approximately to Greenwich mean time (GMT) and is not reset until the instrument is overhauled and cleaned, usually at three-year intervals. The difference between GMT obtained directly from a radio time signal and chronometer time (C) is carefully determined and applied as a correction […]
- [Ship's Magnetic Compass - Dry and Wet Compass with their care, maintenance and bubble removal](https://www.cultofsea.com/bridge-equipment/ships-magnetic-compass-dry-and-wet-compass/): As per Chapter V of SOLAS 74, as amended, a magnetic compass is a compulsory part of the shipborne navigational equipment. This is in addition to the gyro compass & suitably placed repeaters on the ship. This is so primarily because of the reliable dependence one can place on the magnetic compass, as a standby compass in the event of failure of electrical power on board. The regulation also stipulates that the magnetic compass should be properly adjusted and a table or curve of deviations is available on board at all times. Our intention is only to give you a […]
- [Gyro Compass - Basic Principle, Operation and Usage on Ships](https://www.cultofsea.com/bridge-equipment/gyro-compass-basic-principle-operation-and-usage-on-ships/): Gyro Compass is a navigational compass containing gyroscope motor that registers the direction of true north along the surface of the earth and it does not depend on magnetism. or A compass with a motorized gyroscope whose angular momemtum interacts with the force produced by the earth’s rotation to maintain a north-south orientation of the gyroscopic spin axis, therby providing a stable directional reference. The Principle of Gyroscope A gyroscope consists of a spinning wheel or rotor contained within gimbals which permit movement about three mutually perpendicular axes, known as the horizontal axis, the vertical axis, and the spin axis. […]
- [Coefficients of Form - Ship's Waterplane, Block, Midship and Prismatic Coefficient](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-stability/coefficients-of-form-ships-waterplane-block-midship-and-prismatic-coefficient/): The Coefficient of Form shows the relationship between the actual form of the ship and the dimensions of the ship. Waterplane Area Coefficient (Cw) It is the ratio of the actual area of the waterplane to the product of the length and breadth of the ship. As seen below, the area of the ship’s waterplane is shown shaded and a rectangle having the same length and breadth of the ship: Coefficient of fineness (Cw) = Area of waterplane ÷ (Length x Breadth) Example: Q. Find the area of the waterplane of a ship 200 meters long, 30 meters beam, which […]
- [The Aneroid Barometer and How to use it...](https://www.cultofsea.com/bridge-equipment/the-aneroid-barometer-and-how-to-use-it/): A barometer is an instrument for measuring the pressure of the air, due to the weight of the column of air above it. As the earth’s atmosphere gets thinner with increasing height, it follows that as we ascend from sea level and low-lying parts of the earth’s surface, the weight of the air will decrease. That is, the pressure will fall. An ordinary clock face type barometer placed in your car will give an estimate of the changes in altitude as you drive through the country. If we use rough figures, we can say that the reading decreases by three […]
- [UNCLOS - Salient Features, Objectives, Maritime Zones, Passages and Duties](https://www.cultofsea.com/maritime-law/unclos-salient-features-objectives-maritime-zones-passages-and-duties/): United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) UNCLOS lays down a comprehensive regime of law and order in the world’s oceans and seas. The 1982 convention was signed by 117 states and it establishes rules governing all uses of the ocean and its resources. The convention also provides the framework for the development of a specific area of law of the sea. The convention is a lengthy document having 446 articles group in 7 parts in 9 annexes. UNCLOS came into force internationally on 16th Nov 1994. Baseline As otherwise provided in the UNCLOS convention, the normal baseline […]
- [Master Pilot Exchange - Duties, Responsibilities and Elements of effective Relationship](https://www.cultofsea.com/navigation/master-pilot-exchange-duties-responsibilities-and-elements-of-effective-relationship/): It is a given fact that invariably pilotage is compulsory and the majority of accidents occurring during berthing occur with a pilot on the bridge. No berthing guide would be complete without reference to the master-pilot relationship. Pilotage Why are Pilots engaged?   For their expertise in navigating in close proximity to land in narrow channels. For their ability to anticipate accurately the effects of currents and tidal influences. For their understanding of local traffic. For their ability to work effectively with the local VTS. For their language ability when dealing with shore services. For their expertise in handling tugs […]
- [Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) - Purpose, Organisation and its components](https://www.cultofsea.com/navigation/vessel-traffic-services-vts-services/): Purpose Vessel Traffic Service or VTS is a shore-based system implemented by a competent authority to: Improve the safety and efficiency of navigation, Safety of life at sea, and Protection of the marine environment. VTS is governed by SOLAS Chapter V Regulation 12 together with the guidelines for Vessel Traffic Services [ IMO Resolution A.857(20) ] adopted on 27 November 1997. A Vessel traffic image is compiled and collected by means of advanced sensors such as radar, AIS, direction finding, CCTV and VHF or other cooperative system services. A modern VTS integrates all information into a single operator screen i.e his working […]
- [Stowaways - Who are they, What are Individual Duties?](https://www.cultofsea.com/security/stowaways-who-are-they-what-are-individual-duties/): The persons who have secreted or otherwise smuggled themselves onboard a vessel or in cargo despite the best efforts of the ship to prevent such persons from coming onboard are known as Stowaways. Stowaway person is detected after the ship has departed from a port and reported as a stowaway by the master to the appropriate authorities. If detected before departure then the person is called an “ Attempted Stowaway ”. Why do people stowaway? For Survival No opportunity available in the nation of origin for work Facing racial discrimination Raising standard of living Criminal wanting to escape law Drug […]
- [Anchoring System and its Components On-board Ships](https://www.cultofsea.com/deck-work/anchoring-system-components-board-ships/): The anchoring system is intended for safely mooring a vessel lying offshore in reasonable weather conditions. The system must be capable of keeping the vessel in position as per the holding power of anchor determined through the calculation of ‘Equipment Number‘. It is of paramount importance that the system is specified, designed, installed, operated and maintained in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions, Class requirements and the owner’s needs. The holding power of the anchor determined from its EN (Equipment Number) will not be sufficient to maintain the position of the ship in severe environmental conditions. The original requirement for anchoring equipment, as laid […]
- [Magnetic Compass & Ship Magnetism - Simplified Explanation](https://www.cultofsea.com/bridge-equipment/magnetic-compass-ship-magnetism/): The Ship’s Magnetic Compass The principle of the present day magnetic compass is in no way different from that of the compass used by the ancients. It consists of a magnetised needle, or array of needles pivoted so that rotation is in a horizontal plane. The superiority of the present day ship’s compass results from : better knowledge of the laws of magnetism which govern the behaviour of the compass, greater precision in the construction of compass & binnacle including correctors, better means to control damping of the compass needle. A properly adjusted ship’s compass is the mariner’s best friend. […]
- [Ship Interactions when Navigating in a Channel](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-handling/ship-interactions-navigating-channel/): When navigating in narrow channels the systems of water flow and water pressure will be considerably increased. The ship will thus push water ahead of her and the surface of the water will rise noticeably several ship’s lengths ahead of the ship. Along the ship’s side, water will flow back with higher velocity than in open water of the same depth and abaft of the ship, water will be pulled along in the direction the ship is sailing. If the ship sails in the centre line of the channel and if the channel is symmetrical about her she will not […]
- [Hot Work - Definition, Responsibility, Process and Risks On-board Ships](https://www.cultofsea.com/safety/hot-work-on-board-ships/): Definition Work involving sources of ignition or temperatures sufficiently high to cause the ignition of a flammable gas mixture is termed as Hot Work. This includes any work requiring the use of welding, burning or soldering equipment, blow torches, some power-driven tools, portable electrical equipment which is not intrinsically safe or contained within an approved explosion-proof housing, and internal combustion engines. Hot Work Permit A document issued by a Responsible Person permitting specific Hot Work to be done during a particular time interval in a defined area. The SMS should include adequate guidance on the control of Hot Work and […]
- [Anchoring - An Effective means of Controlling Ship's Movement](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-handling/anchoring-controlling-ships-movement/): Anchors The specific requirements for anchoring equipment in ships are laid down by the Classification Societies and is determined as per each ship’s displacement, her wind area down to the summer load line. These requirements are the weight of anchor, number of anchors, length of chain cable and breaking strength. Requirements also specify that the cable must be secured in the chain locker by an arrangement whose breaking strength is greater than 15% and less than 30% of the tensile proof stress of the chain (Norske Veritas). Also, the breaker of the windlass must be able to withstand a pull […]
- [Certificates and Documentation Required to be carried Onboard Ships](https://www.cultofsea.com/general/certificates-and-documentation/): Certificates and Documentation – For All Ships *Originals Onboard International Tonnage Certificate (1969) International Loadline Certificate International Loadline Exemption Certificate Intact Stability Booklet Damage Control Plans and booklets Minimum Safe Manning Document Fire Safety Training Manual Fire Control Plan / Booklet Onboard Training and Drill Records Fire Safety Operational Booklet Certificate for Masters, Officers and Ratings International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate Oil Record Book Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate Garbage Management Plan Garbage Record Book Voyage Data Recorder – Certificate of Compliance Cargo Securing Manual Document of Compliance Safety Management Certificate International Ship Security Certificate […]
- [Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) -  Guidelines for use in IMO Rule Making Process](https://www.cultofsea.com/safety/formal-safety-assessment-fsa/): Historic Background for FSA Nuclear Industry in the 60s: Probabilistic Safety Assessments Chemical Industry in the 70s: QRA, Seveso Directive I and II Offshore Industry in the 80s: QRA, Industrial Self Regulation Regime in Norway, Safety Case Regime in UK Shipping Industry in the 90s: FSA 1992: UK House of Lords, Lord Carver Report 1993, MSC 62: UK proposes FSA concept 1997, MSC 68: FSA Interim Guidelines 2001, MSC 74: FSA Guidelines Definition Formal Safety Assessment or FSA is a structured and a systematic methodology aimed at enhancing Maritime Safety including protection of life, health, marine environment and property by […]
- [Search Procedures & Stores Checks - ISPS (Merchant Ships)](https://www.cultofsea.com/security/search-procedures-stores-checks/): All Stores & Supplies to vessel must be checked for content & Security. The Checks should so far as possible be carried out before the items are taken on board. If Unaccompanied luggage or bags are received, they must be checked prior moving them into the accommodation. The Designated area for searching them is on the main deck, adjacent midship stores. The Diagrams illustrate various places that Male & Female visitors could use to smuggle weapons or other harmful devices into the vessel. The following method is to be adapted to Search Visitors:       The visitor should be […]
- [Duties of Gangway Watchman - Merchant Ships](https://www.cultofsea.com/security/duties-gangway-watchman/): The gangways are manned by a watchman who is responsible to the SSO or OOW. Primary responsibility of a Gangway Watchman to control access to the ship, control of people and equipment to and from the vessel, searching of personnel and/or baggage, reporting of security incidents or breaches. Additionally, Gangway watchman must be trained for below Gangway access point ALWAYS MUST BE MANNED. If somebody from ship’s staff call for another duty, must be sure, that reliever is available at the gangway. Those on gangway duty must not leave the station until properly relieved.  Gangways are not left unattended at any time […]
- [Notice of Readiness (NOR) - Definition, Contents & Requirements](https://www.cultofsea.com/general/notice-of-readiness-nor/): Definition The Notice of Readiness (NOR) is the document used by the Ship Master,  to notify his ship readiness, in every respect, to load and/or unload the goods during the period of his charter. NOR is an extremely important document as it triggers the commencement of laytime. “Laytime” is the term used to refer to the time allowed to the charterers to load/discharge cargo in return for payment of freight to the owners.In a case of invalid NOR, the vessel might not be considered as arrived ship and therefore all waiting time until berthing will be refuted in the demurrage […]
- [Hatch Covers - Function, Inspection, Tests, Precautions, Operation, Maintenance](https://www.cultofsea.com/cargo-work/hatch-covers-function-inspection-tests-precautions-operation-maintenance/): Introduction It is generally accepted that leaking hatch covers are a principal cause of dry cargo wetting. Hatches leak for a variety of reasons, but mainly because of poor maintenance or failure to close them properly. Leaking or badly maintained hatch covers can lead to more serious consequences than wet cargo- flooding accelerated corrosion or even loss of the ship. A watertight hatch cover is a cover designed to prevent the passage of water in either direction under a head of water for which the surrounding structure is designed. A weathertight cover is a cover designed to prevent the passage of […]
- [SPM (Single Point Mooring) or SBM Operations](https://www.cultofsea.com/tanker/spm-single-point-mooring/): A Single Point Mooring Buoy consists of a buoy that is permanently moored to the seabed by means of multiple mooring lines/anchors/chains allowing cargo transfer of liquid petroleum products. The buoy contains a bearing system that allows a part of it to rotate around the moored geostatic part. When a Ship is moored to this rotating part of the buoy with a mooring connection, the vessel is able to freely weather-vane around the geostatic part of the buoy. Responsibility Master has the overall responsibility for the mooring operations of the vessel at the SBM. The officer-in-charge of forward and aft […]
- [International Institutions and their Association with Shipping (ILO, WHO, ISF, ICS, BIMCO, SIGTTO, OCIMF)](https://www.cultofsea.com/general/international-institutions-ilo-isf-ics-bimco-sigtto-ocimf/): The international institutions that have a bearing on the international maritime transportation, maritime affairs in general or/and  have an association with shipping but not limited to are as below: International Maritime Organisation (IMO) International Labour Organisation (ILQ) World Health Organisation (WHO) International Shipping Federation (ISF) International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) The Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO) Society of International Gas Tankers and Terminals Operators (SIGTTO) Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Read in-depth about IMO, its history, structure, Conventions and its working here.  International Labour Organisation (ILO) Only tripartite U.N. agency, the ILO brings together governments, […]
- [Condition Assessment Programme (CAP)](https://www.cultofsea.com/surveys/condition-assessment-programme-cap-2/): The Condition Assessment Programme (CAP) is an expertise on the technical ship’s condition independent from the classification. Depending on the request, CAP assessment may include the actual technical condition of hull, machinery, electrical installation, and cargo related system. It is an independent and thorough verification to rate the actual condition of the ship, based on detailed inspection and function testing, thickness measurements and strength calculation and performance testing. The CAP is applicable to oil tankers and bulk carriers of 15 years of age and above, and may well be used for ships at other ages and for other types of ships. Purpose The purpose of […]
- [Condition Assessment Scheme (CAS)](https://www.cultofsea.com/surveys/condition-assessment-scheme-cas/): The Condition Assessment Scheme (CAS) is intended to complement the requirements of Annex B of the Guidelines on the enhanced programme of inspections during surveys of bulk carriers and oil tankers (hereinafter called Enhanced Survey Programme). The CAS is to verify that the structural condition of single hull oil tankers at the time of survey is acceptable and, provided subsequent periodical surveys are satisfactorily completed and effective maintenance is carried out by the ship’s operator, will continue to be acceptable for a continued period of operation, as indicated in the Statement of Compliance. The requirements of the CAS include enhanced and transparent verification of the reported structural […]
- [Port State Control (PSC) - An agreed regime for the inspection of foreign ships](https://www.cultofsea.com/safety/port-state-control-psc/): Port State Control (PSC) is the inspection of foreign ships present in a nation’s port for the purpose of verifying that the condition of the ships and their equipment comply with the provisions of international conventions and codes and that the ships are manned and operated in compliance with those provisions. Many of IMO’s most important technical conventions contain provisions for ships to be inspected when they visit foreign ports to ensure that they meet IMO requirements. These inspections were originally intended to be a back up to flag State implementation, but experience has shown that they can be extremely […]
- [ISPS code - A measure to enhance the security of Ships and Port facilities](https://www.cultofsea.com/security/isps-ships-port-facilities/): Purpose The International Maritime Organization (IMO) states that “The International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code) is a comprehensive set of measures to enhance the security of ships and port facilities, developed in response to the perceived threats to ships and port facilities in the wake of the 9/11 attacks in the United States” (IMO). SOLAS chapter XI-2 part A and part B relates to special measures to enhance maritime security. In this context, the principles behind ISPS code is similar to the ISM code on board. ISPS code emphasizes the security of the persons on board, security […]
- [ISM Code - All you should know about International Safety Management Code](https://www.cultofsea.com/safety/ism-code-international-safety-management-code/): ISM code is International Safety Management code for the safe operation of ships and for pollution prevention, as adopted by IMO assembly. The basic principles of the ISM code Safety of people on board Safety of the ship and cargo Safety of environment The Code establishes safety management objectives and requires a safety management system (SMS) to be established by “the Company”, which is defined as the shipowner or any person, such as the manager or bareboat charterer, who has assumed responsibility for operating the ship. The Company is then required to establish and implement a policy for achieving these […]
- [Harmonized System of Survey and Certification (HSSC)](https://www.cultofsea.com/surveys/harmonized-system-of-survey-and-certification/): A harmonized system of survey and certification covering international shipping regulations adopted by the International Maritime Organization enters into force on 3 February 2000. It harmonizes survey procedures and survey dates for all major ship certificates, instead of having different survey procedures and dates for certificates under different conventions. Harmonized System of Survey and Certification (HSSC) was brought about with the sole objective of simplifying and systemizing the survey and certification of ships. This will ensure that survey works will not be duplicated e.g. survey for load line or cargo ship safety construction is more or less same with logical changes. If a […]
- [What is Chipping ? Tools, Precautions & Protection](https://www.cultofsea.com/deck-work/chipping/): Rust Scale removal by chipping, hammering, scaling and painting constitute the major portion of hull maintenance and requires labour and costs. It is important to do chipping properly not to allow rust again in the place where chipping was carried out once. It is better not to remove rust than chipping halfway through What is Chipping? The removal of weld spatter, rust, or old paint from ironwork using a hammer and cold chisel is called chipping. Chipping Tools Air Hammer   Air Disc Sander  Air Chisel (Jet needle chisel type)   Chipping hammer   Scraper   Wire Brush Precautions before chipping Has […]
- [Gas Tanker - Types, Tanks, Reliquefaction & Cargo handling opertions](https://www.cultofsea.com/tanker/gas-tanker-types-tanks-cargo/): Different Types of Gas Tanker Ships Gas carriers can be grouped into five different categories according to the cargo carried and the carriage condition. These are as follows: Fully pressurised ships Semi-pressurised ships Ethylene ships Fully refrigerated LPG ships LNG ships The first three ship types listed are most suitable for the shipment of smaller-size cargoes of LPG and chemical gases. This is normally accomplished on short-sea and regional routes. Fully refrigerated ships are used extensively for the carriage of large size cargoes of LPG and ammonia on the deep sea routes. 1. Fully pressurised ships Fully pressurised ships are the […]
- [Gas Tanker Basics - Definitions and Hazards](https://www.cultofsea.com/cargo-work/gas-tankers-basic-definitions-hazards/): Transportation of Liquefied Gases by Sea General For economical marine transportation, gas is carried in a liquefied state. As a liquid, the volume to weight ratio at atmospheric pressure is in the range of 650 times less than in the gaseous state. That means we can carry 650 times more cargo in the liquid state as compared to a carriage in the gaseous state. The temperature at which a gas condenses is a function of its pressure. The combination of pressurising and cooling is, therefore, fundamental to gas carrier design. Some ships carry gases liquefied under pressure & others under […]
- [TRS or a Tropical Revolving Storm](https://www.cultofsea.com/general/what-is-a-trs-or-a-tropical-revolving-storm/): TROPICAL REVOLVING STORMS A tropical revolving storm or a TRS is a storm system with a low-pressure centre, around which winds of gale force (34 knots or force 8) or more blow spirally inwards, anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). TRS is common in various places in the world, but they can be called as below: “Cyclones” is used in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. “Hurricane” is used on the western side of north Atlantic and south Pacific. “Cordonazo” is used on the eastern side of North Pacific. “Typhoon” is […]
- [Rule 41 - Verification of compliance](https://www.cultofsea.com/colregs/part-f-verification-of-compliance-with-the-provisions-of-the-convention/rule-41-verification-compliance/): Verification of compliance (a) Every Contracting Party shall be subject to periodic audits by the Organization in accordance with the audit standard to verify compliance with and implementation of the present Convention. (b) The Secretary-General of the Organization shall have responsibility for administering the Audit Scheme, based on the guidelines developed by the Organization. (c) Every Contracting Party shall have responsibility for facilitating the conduct of the audit and implementation of a programme of actions to address the findings, based on the guidelines developed by the Organization. (d) Audit of all Contracting Parties shall be: based on an overall schedule […]
- [Rule 40 - Application](https://www.cultofsea.com/colregs/part-f-verification-of-compliance-with-the-provisions-of-the-convention/rule-40-application/): Contracting Parties shall use the provisions of the Code for Implementation in the execution of their obligations and responsibilities contained in the present Convention.
- [Rule 39 - Definitions](https://www.cultofsea.com/colregs/part-f-verification-of-compliance-with-the-provisions-of-the-convention/rule-39-definitions/): Definitions (a) Audit means a systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which audit criteria are fulfilled. (b) Audit Scheme means the IMO Member State Audit Scheme established by the Organization and taking into account the guidelines developed by the Organization. (c) Code for Implementation means the IMO Instruments Implementation Code (III Code) adopted by the Organization by resolution A.1070(28). (d) Audit Standard means the Code for Implementation.
- [Marine Insurance - Purpose, Principle, Warranties and General Average](https://www.cultofsea.com/maritime-law/marine-insurance-purpose-principle-general-average/): Purpose of Marine Insurance Marine Insurance is an agreement whereby the insurer indemnified the assured in manner and extent provided, against losses incidental to marine adventure. Spreading of Risk – If a loss occurs, the insured will be put back into the same financial position as just before the loss. The insured must not profit from the loss. Aid to Security – This removes the uncertainty of a potential financial loss. Individuals and businesses are freer to expand without the need to set aside for reserves for the future. Aid to Credit – Loans are not advanced unless the item […]
- [Protection & Indemnity Clubs](https://www.cultofsea.com/maritime-law/piclubs/): What is a P&I club? The roots of the Protection & Indemnity Club or a P&I club were founded in 18th century England. Those were the days of sailing ships and extremely slow and inefficient communication system. Ship owners and the underwriters had limited contact and the hull insurance did not cover all aspects of loss on board. A group of ship owners formed an association to provide each other insurance cover. This association was a non-profit making body controlled by a group of close-knit ship owners. These associations were named as Mutual Hull Insurance Clubs. The basic principle of the club […]
- [Maritime - What is a Bill of Lading (B/L)?](https://www.cultofsea.com/cargo-work/bill-of-lading/): Bill of Lading A Bill of Lading is a receipt for goods either received (before shipment) or shipped on board. Is a good evidence of the existence of a contract between the shipper and carrier. It is not a true contract since only one party signs it. Is a document of title, signifying that the holder has the legal right to possession of the goods it describes. Right to possession is different from the right to ownership, which is determined by the terms of the sale contract. May, depending on how Bill of Lading is made out, be negotiable i.e. […]
- [Inert Gas on board Tankers - All you need to know!](https://www.cultofsea.com/tanker/inert-gas/): General Hydrocarbon gas normally encountered in petroleum tankers cannot burn in an atmosphere containing less than approximately 11% oxygen by volume. One way to provide protection against fire or explosion in the vapour space of cargo tanks is to keep the oxygen level below that figure. This is usually achieved by using a fixed piping arrangement to blow inert gas into each cargo tank in order to reduce the air content, and oxygen content and render the tank atmosphere non-flammable. Sources of Inert Gas Possible sources of IG on tankers and combination carriers are: Uptake gas from the ship’s main […]
- [Longitudinal Stability for Ships](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-stability/longitudinal-stability-ships/): Any Ship when at rest in calm water, the COB and the COG will be in a vertical line. Pitch Pitch is caused when a wave changes the underwater volume of a ship, making the forces of gravity and buoyancy to get separated by a distance and forming a couple which leads to dip or uplift in the bow or the stern of vessel. The up and down movement of the ship’s ends, due to longitudinal shift of COB resulting from wave action, is called pitch. If a wave cause an increase in the underwater volume aft, and a decrease fwd, […]
- [Man Overboard - Manoeuvers you need to know to save a life](https://www.cultofsea.com/safety/man-overboard/): From the very  time a man falls over, till he is recovered back on board, every second counts. Every wrong action taken or an inappropriate decision you make, the results can be catastrophic, so as a prudent navigator it’s more than necessary to know the steps to be taken when this godforsaken Man overboard  emergency arrives. Three scenarios: Immediate action:  The person overboard is noticed from the bridge and action is taken immediately Delayed action: The person is reported to the bridge by an eye witness and action is initiated with some delay. Person missing action: The person is reported […]
- [Ship's you need to sail on before you die!](https://www.cultofsea.com/shippies-escape/before-you-quit-sea/): Well if your reading this there is a fair chance that you possess the essential document to venture out into the blue, the Continuous Discharge Certificate (CDC)  commonly known as the Seaman book—your license to work, your identification as a  sea dog and a  prerequisite for your bread and butter. We are sucked into this pipeline as cadets and trainees and pumped out as Captains or Chief Engineers (mostly) but during this entire quest at sea what holds with you thick and thin is your Seaman book. So to add another feather to the cap, why not glorify this paper […]
- [What is ALARP and why do you need to know it?](https://www.cultofsea.com/safety/alarp-need-know/): ALARP stands for “as low as reasonably practicable“, and is a term often used in health and safety to represent that adequate consideration shall be taken in regard to risk, risk control and risk reduction. The core is the concept of “reasonably practicable”; this involves weighing a risk against the trouble, time and money needed to control it. Thus, ALARP describes the level to which you would expect to see workplace risk controlled.  ALARP is not prescriptive and consequently can be challenging because it requires employers to exercise judgement.  It is therefore for employers to ensure that their chosen design […]
- [Ballast Water Management - Merchant Ships](https://www.cultofsea.com/safety/ballastwm/): The Convention requires that vessel should conduct ballast water exchange: •At least 200 nm from the nearest land and in water at least 200 m in depth; if this is not possible •As far from the nearest land as possible, and in all cases at least 50 nm from the nearest land and in water at least 200m in depth. •In sea areas designated by the Port State. All local and / or national regulation should be taken into consideration as they may specify other depths and distances from land. A ship will not be required to deviate from its […]
- [For Every Man at Sea - the most vital adventure checklist](https://www.cultofsea.com/shippies-escape/every-man-sea-vital-checklist/): It  goes without saying that  in the present day shipping scenario every man at sea has endless checklists to fill, follow and comply, but  in this rat race of  sign on- sign-offs,   limitless courses  and the never ending exams one scarcely gets the time to fulfill one for himself. A checklist of thing to do; a bucket list for life- after all, you live only once, so it must be to the fullest, right? I feel one should make it a point to have a sorted out  bucket list with a timeline of  things to do because twenty years from […]
- [I haven't been everywhere, but it's on my list](https://www.cultofsea.com/shippies-escape/shorealeaves/): With the six on six off at ports or breaking the monotony of the long voyage syndromes or even just utilising one of the best perks that come for the men of this “cult”. For wise men say, you travel not to go anywhere, but to go– You travel for travel’s sake. The great affair is to move! And we are on the move your entire tenure your onboard, and you can be on the move too when your off. After all “world travel” is one of the most beautiful things that can happen to anyone, Travel makes one modest. […]
- [What is a Special Trade ?](https://www.cultofsea.com/maritime-law/what-is-a-special-trade/): What is: 1. Special trade? 2. Special trade passenger? 3. Special trade passenger ship? 4. What are Subdivision loadlines? 5. What certificates are to be carried by special trade passenger ships intending to carry special trade passengers as provided in Merchant Shipping Act 1958? 1. Special Trade A Special Trade means the transporting of a large number of passengers by sea within prescribed areas. 2. Special Trade Passenger It means a passenger carried in special trade passenger ships in spaces on weather deck or upper deck or between decks which include pilgrim or person accompanying pilgrim. 3. A Special Trade […]
- [Articles of Agreement - MSA 1958](https://www.cultofsea.com/maritime-law/merchant-shipping-act/articles-agreement-msa-1958/): Give the general terms of the Articles of Agreement as provided in the Merchant Shipping Act 1958 ? (Section 101) a. Five original copies of the articles of agreement may be signed between the employer/employer’s agent and the seafarer ashore. This signing on will be done in the office of the employer/employer’s agent, and not in the presence of the Shipping Master. The seafarer shall report on board ship with the first three signed original copies which shall be signed by the Master and the seafarer on board the ship. After this, the 1st and 3rd original copies would remain in […]
- [Official log book entries as per MSA 1958](https://www.cultofsea.com/maritime-law/merchant-shipping-act/official-log-book-msa-1958/): What are the entries to be made in the Official Log Book with regard to seaman & apprentice as required by the Merchant Shipping Act 1958? How & when are the entries to be made? (section 212) The entries to be made in the official log book with regard to seaman & apprentice are as follows: Every conviction by a legal tribunal & the punishment inflicted. A record of every offence committed for which it is intended to prosecute or levy a fine along with a statement of the reading out of the entry & the record of the reply. A […]
- [Unseaworthy and Unsafe Ship’s as per MSA 1958](https://www.cultofsea.com/maritime-law/merchant-shipping-act/unseaworthy-msa-1958/): Discuss the provisions of the merchant shipping act 1958 as regards unseaworthy and unsafe ship’s. What are the provisions of MSA 1958 as regards:   1. Sending an unseaworthy ship to sea and   2. Obligation of owner and master to crew with respect to seaworthiness   3. Explain Certificate of Seaworthiness   4. Explain interim Certificate of Class What is a Unseaworthy and an Unsafe Ship? The MSA 1958 defines an UNSEAWORTHY ship when the materials of which she is made, her construction, the qualification of the master, the number, description and qualification of crew including officers, the weight, […]
- [Death On board - Master Responsibility as per MSA 1958](https://www.cultofsea.com/maritime-law/merchant-shipping-act/death-onboard/): What are the duties of master as regards seaman or apprentice who dies on board during a voyage and as regards dealing with his wages and property as provided in Merchant Shipping Act 1958? When any seaman or apprentice engaged in a voyage due to terminate in India dies, the master shall inform the next of kin of the deceased and the shipping master at the seaman’s port of engagement. The master shall take charge of any money and effects of the deceased seaman on board the ship and make the following entries in the official log book: Details of […]
- [General Offence Against Discipline - Merchant Shipping Act 1958](https://www.cultofsea.com/maritime-law/merchant-shipping-act/discipline-msa1958/): What are the general offences against discipline for which a seaman may be penalised in accordance with merchant shipping act 1958? What are the official log book entries requirements with regards to such offences? The General offences against discipline for which a seaman or apprentice may be penalized as per MSA 1958 are: If he does any act which causes damage to or loss of the ship or injury or threat to the life of any person on board. If he refuses or omits to do any act to save the ship from damages or loss or any person on […]
- [The Procedure For Transferring The Registry](https://www.cultofsea.com/maritime-law/transferring-registry/): Q. State The Procedure For Transferring The Registry Of An Indian Ship From One Indian Port To Another? The registry of any Indian ship may be transferred from one Indian port to another Indian port with the prior approval of D.G shipping. All persons entered as owner and mortgagees in the register book must apply to the registrar at the vessels existing port of registry. Such a transfer does not affect the rights of the owners or the mortgagees. The present registrar shall then inform the registrar at the intended port of registry giving all the details as contained in […]
- [The provisions of MERCHANT SHIPPING ACT 1958 regarding Certificate of Registry](https://www.cultofsea.com/maritime-law/merchant-shipping-act/msa-provisions/): Q.) What are the provisions of the MERCHANT SHIPPING ACT 1958 regarding certificate of registry with respect to : Custody & use of Certificate Change of Master or Owner Defaced or lost Certificate Ships purchased/constructed for an Indian owner Alteration of ship affecting her tonnage & description 1) CUSTODY AND USE OF CERTIFICATE: The Certificate of registry is to be used only for the lawful navigation of the ship and is not to be detained by any owner or mortgagees. The Certificate shall remain in the custody of the person in charge of the lawful navigation of the ship so that […]
- [Slow Speed Control](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-handling/slow-speed-control/): The estimation of speed and knowing when to reduce speed when approaching a berth is not always easy and confidence can only come with experience. On very large ships, such as VLCCs, some guidance may be available from reliable doppler logs, but on many ships, a doppler log is not available. In any case, total reliance upon instrumentation is not wise and is no substitute for experience. A pilot jumping from one ship to another, sometimes several during one duty period has to develop a “feel” for the type of ship he boards and con “by the seat of his pants.” Speed Many casualties are […]
- [Stresses in Ships](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-construction/ship-stresses/): A ship at sea is subjected to a number of forces causing the structure to distort. Initially, these may be divided into two categories, as follows: Static forces – Ship floating at rest in still water. Two major forces acting: the weight of the ship acting vertically down buoyancy acting up Dynamic forces – due to the motion of the ship and the sea the structural stresses, caused by the above forces, to which the ship structure is subjected may be categorized as: Longitudinal stresses (hogging and sagging) Transverse stresses (racking and the effects of water pressure)  Local dynamic stresses (panting and pounding) […]
- [Bridge Navigational Watch Alarm System (BNWAS)](https://www.cultofsea.com/bridge-equipment/bnwas/): The purpose of a bridge navigational watch alarm system (BNWAS) is to monitor bridge activity and detect operator disability which could lead to marine accidents. The system monitors the awareness of the Officer of the Watch (OOW) and automatically alerts the Master or another qualified OOW if for any reason the OOW becomes incapable of performing the OOW’s duties. This purpose is achieved by a series of indications and alarms to alert first the OOW and, if he is not responding, then to alert the Master or another qualified OOW. Additionally, the BNWAS may provide the OOW with a means […]
- [Portable Fire Extinguishers](https://www.cultofsea.com/safety/extinguishers/): The Nature of Fire: Fire is a chemical reaction known as combustion which occurs when fuel and oxygen are brought together with sufficient heat to cause ignition. A fire cannot start , or continue, if one side of the fuel-oxygen-heat triangle is absent, or if there is an interruption in the chemical chain reaction that sustains burning. Oxygen, heat and fuel are frequently referred to as “fire triangle”. Add in the fourth element, the chemical reaction and you actually have a fire. The important thing to remember is: remove one of these elements and you will not have a fire or […]
- [Cold Work](https://www.cultofsea.com/deck-work/cold-work/): Cold Work is the work which cannot create a source of ignition or generate temperature conditions likely to be of sufficient intensity to cause ignition of combustible gases, vapours or liquids in or adjacent to the area involved. Cold work includes but not limited to: Opening vessels, pipes or enclosed spaces Where equipment requires decontamination Mechanical maintenance work Civil maintenance work Erection removal of scaffolding Insulation and painting Blanking/de-blanking. Disconnecting and connecting pipelines. Removing and fitting of valves, blanks, spades or blinds. Work on pumps Before carrying out cold work, the following is to be taken care of: Determining that […]
- [Basic Propeller Types](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-handling/basic-propeller-types/): Introduction A propeller is a type of fan which generates an adequate thrust to propel a vessel at some design speed with some care taken in ensuring some “reasonable” propulsive efficiency. Considerations are made to match the engine’s power and shaft speed, as well as the size of the vessel and the ship’s operating speed, with an appropriately designed propeller. Generally, propellers are of two types – Fixed Pitch Propeller ( FPP) and Controllable or Variable Pitch Propeller ( CPP). Controllable Pitch Propeller or CPP These propellers now have a relatively good track record for reliability and are becoming increasingly common in […]
- [Glossary of Terms - Petroleum Cargo Calculations](https://www.cultofsea.com/tanker/petroleum-calculations-definitions/): Gross Observed Volume (GOV):  The total volume of all petroleum liquids and sediment and water, excluding free water, at observed temperature and pressure. Gross Standard Volume (GSV):  The total volume of all petroleum liquids and sediment and water, excluding free water, corrected by the appropriate volume correction factor (VCF) for the observed temperature and API gravity, relative density, or density to a standard temperature such as 60°F or 15°C and also corrected by the applicable pressure correction factor and meter factor. Relative Density: It is defined as the ratio of the density of a given substance with respect to the […]
- [Pre-Loading Cargo Handling Procedures on Oil Tankers](https://www.cultofsea.com/tanker/pre-loading-cargo-handling-procedures-oil-tankers/): Voyage Orders The vessel will usually receive voyage orders from the Charterers which will contain the following information:- Ports of loading and discharge along with draft limitations (if any) Volume / Weight to be loaded, grade or grades and Densities involved Special requirements of cargo – e.g. heating Special properties of cargo – e.g. H2S Planning Cargo Stowage The following factors are to be considered when planning stowage of cargo as applicable: The limiting load line zone of the loaded passage and the port of destination. Draft restrictions during the voyage and at the load and discharge ports. Consumption on intended […]
- [Guidelines on Working aloft or Overside on Ships](https://www.cultofsea.com/deck-work/working-aloft/): Definition Working aloft or Overside means a work being performed at a height and involving risk of falling, resulting in an injury. Guidelines As a general rule, personnel should not be permitted to work overside when the vessel is underway unless it is absolutely necessary and as determined by the Master. Personnel under training shall not be assigned aloft or over side related jobs. The power source to potential hazards such as ships whistle, radar, etc. should be isolated from their power source and accidental activation prevented by the use of warning signs and / or removal of fuses. The […]
- [Cargo Conditioning, Reliquefaction  - Gas Tankers](https://www.cultofsea.com/tanker/cargo-conditioning-gas-tankers/): Purpose The term Cargo Conditioning refers to the “maintaining” during the passage of: Cargo quantity without undue losses. Cargo tank pressure/temp within design limits. maintaining or altering cargo temperature as required. This is achieved by reliquefaction. Cargo conditioning may not be necessary on ships with pressure vessel tanks, depending on filling limits. If reliquefaction plant is fitted the responsible personnel should have a thorough understanding of its operational principles. When running, the plant should be monitored so that anything affecting its safety or efficiency is quickly recognised and corrective action is taken. The plant is normally fitted with shutdown devices […]
- [Ship Stability Definitions related to Hydrostatic Particulars](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-stability/stability-definitions/): Density of a substance is its mass per unit volume, normally expressed as tonnes per cubic metre in ship calculations. Relative Density of a substance is the ratio between the density of that substance and the density of fresh water. Displacement of the ship is the weight of the ship and its contents or the weight of water displaced by the ship in that condition. Displacement = Underwater volume of the ship x the density of the water in which she is floating. It should be noted that the volume of displacement is the underwater volume of the ship. When […]
- [Static Electricity / Electrostatic Hazards](https://www.cultofsea.com/tanker/static-electricity/): Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material. The charge remains until it is able to move away by means of an electric current or electrical discharge. Static electricity is electricity that does not flow in a current. Static electricity generated by rubbing two nonmagnetic objects together. The friction between the two objects generates attraction because the substance with an excess of electrons transfers them to the positively-charged substance. Usually, substances that don’t conduct current electricity (insulators) are good at holding a charge. These substances may include rubber, plastic, glass or pitch. […]
- [What is Load on Top (LOT)?](https://www.cultofsea.com/tanker/what-is-load-on-top-lot/): Not all oil pollution is caused by tankers. However, the huge volume of crude oil transported by sea has created a major problem in disposing of dirty ballast and tank washings without harming the marine environment or damaging coastal amenities. Most crude oils contain wax and other materials in solution, together with sediments, which may settle out during the voyage and form a residue with any cargo remaining after discharge (of the order of 0.2 to 0.5 per cent of the cargo carried). If discharged into the sea in heavy concentrations in the course of tank washing the residue will stay […]
- [Principles of Ship Handling](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-handling/ship-handling/): Ship Handling and Maneuvering is defined as the art of proper control of a ship while underway, especially in harbours, around docks and piers. It is one of the skills that any ship handler finds very satisfying when well accomplished. The most basic thing to be understood in ship handling is to know and anticipate how a ship behaves under all circumstances and what orders should be given in order to make the ship behave and move exactly the way you want her to. The difference between the ships’ heading and the actual direction of movement of the ship should also […]
- [The Pivot Point](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-handling/pivot-point/): A Pivot Point is a central point on a vessel which remains fixed as the bow and stern swing around it. Fixed is not really correct, because it moves forward or aft as the vessel moves through the water as stated below: 1. Ship stopped Unless stated otherwise. Each example assumes a ship on an even keel in calm conditions and still water. In this situation, no forces are involved and the ship has a pivot point coinciding with its centre of gravity approximately amidships. 2. Making Headway Two forces now come into play. Firstly the forward momentum of the ship […]
- [Circumpolar bodies](https://www.cultofsea.com/navigation/circumpolar-bodies/): For a body to be circumpolar, the body should always be above the rational horizon i.e the body should not set. Therefore, a circumpolar body will have upper transit (upper meridian passage) which is above the elevated pole and lower transit (lower meridian passage) which is below the elevated pole. Condition required for a body to be circumpolar: Lat + Dec > 90° (For the body not to set) Latitude and declination should be the same name. 1. North Latitude – Lat < Dec 2. North Latitude – Lat > Dec 3. South Latitude – Lat < Dec 4. South […]
- [Twilight](https://www.cultofsea.com/navigation/twilight/): Twilight is the light received from the sun, when the sun is below the horizon, i.e. before the sunrise and after the sunset. Twilight completely ceases in the evening, when the sun is 18° vertically below the horizon. After that, there is total darkness. In the mornings, twilight commences when the sun is 18° vertically below the horizon and ceases at sunrise. The entire period of twilight has 3 stages, Civil, Nautical and Astronomical. Astronomical commences when the sun is 18° below the horizon. Nautical – 12° below the horizon. Civil – 6° below the horizon. Each twilight lasts until visible […]
- [Rising and Setting of Celestial Bodies](https://www.cultofsea.com/navigation/rising-setting-celestial-bodies/): As the Earth rotates on its axis from west to east, all heavenly bodies appear to rise in the east, move westwards, gaining in altitude until it is on the observer’s meridian (culminate or transit the meridian). After culmination, it continues to move westwards decreasing in altitude till it sets over the western horizon. For a stationary observer, the interval between rising and culmination of a body will be equal to the interval between its culmination and setting, provided its declination remains unchanged. Also under the same circumstances, its amplitude at rising will be equal to that at setting. When […]
- [IALA Buoyage System](https://www.cultofsea.com/navigation/iala-buoyage-system/): The International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) is a non-profit organization founded in 1957 to collect and provide nautical expertise and advice. • Lateral marks indicate the edges of a channel. • Cardinal marks indicate the direction of safe water at a dangerous spot. • Safe water marks indicate the deep water and open end of a channel. • Special marks indicate administrative areas, such as speed restrictions or water skiing areas. • Isolated danger marks indicate a hazard to shipping. Lateral Marks Region A Region A comprises nations in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, parts […]
- [Biological Sewage Treatment Plant “BIOMASTER”](https://www.cultofsea.com/marpol/biological-sewage-treatment-plant-biomaster/): Operating Principle Biological Sewage Treatment System DVZ-SKA- BIOMASTER The Biological Sewage Treatment system consists of three watertight compartments and other equipment: 1. Pre-treatment Tank 2. Treatment Tank 3. Disinfecting Tank 4. Other Equipment (pumps, blowers, dosing pumps, level sensor) PRE-TREATMENT TANK The “black water” is fed through the pipeline using gravity or a vacuum and flows through the sewage inlet into the pre-treatment tank, where intensive sedimentation and pre-treatment takes place using oxygen, a continuous supply of which is provided by a fan. The system is ventilated to the open deck via the ventilation system. TREATMENT TANK The pre-treated “Black […]
- [Liferaft - General Requirements](https://www.cultofsea.com/safety/liferaft-general-requirements/): General Requirements Every liferaft shall be so constructed as to be capable of withstanding exposure for 30 days afloat in all sea conditions. The liferaft shall be so constructed that when it is dropped into the water from a height of 18 m, the life raft and its equipment will operate satisfactorily. If the life raft is to be stowed at a height of more than 18 m above the waterline in the lightest seagoing condition, it shall be of a type which has been satisfactorily drop-tested from at least that height. The floating life raft shall be capable of […]
- [Lifeboat - General Requirements](https://www.cultofsea.com/safety/lifeboat-3/): Requirements All lifeboats shall be properly constructed and shall be of such form and proportions that they have ample stability in a seaway and sufficient freeboard when loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment. All lifeboats shall have rigid hulls and shall be capable of maintaining positive stability when in an upright position in calm water and loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment and holed in any one location below the waterline, assuming no loss of buoyancy material and no other damage. 1. Each lifeboat shall be fitted with a certificate of approval, endorsed by […]
- [What is Transverse Thrust?](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-handling/transverse-thrust/): Transverse Thrust The force with which the water acts upon the propeller blades is not just in the longitudinal direction but also has an athwartships component. This is known as transverse thrust. Going Ahead If we look at a ship with one right-handed propeller (i.e. the propeller rotating n a clockwise direction when going ahead and as viewed from astern) and the rudder on the centre line the following situation is the norm: In the initial stages of the ship getting underway, the vessel’s speed is low but the engine (and, therefore, the propeller) is at high Rpm ahead. During […]
- [Shallow Water Effect on Ship](https://www.cultofsea.com/ship-handling/shallow-water/): Shallow water effects on a ship w.r.t “Draft & Maneuverability.” • As the hull moves through shallow water, the area which it displaces is not so easily replaced by surrounding water, therefore, leading to a state of partial vacuum as the propeller and rudder are still working. The vessel take-ups longer to answer her helm, and response to engine movements becomes sluggish. • In these circumstances, vibration will be set up, and it will be extremely difficult to correct a yaw or sheer with any degree of rapidity. • At normal speed it is found that steering becomes erratic when […]
- [How do you make out if the Anchor is dragging?](https://www.cultofsea.com/deck-work/anchor_drag/): It can take some time to realise the Anchor is dragging, despite the ship drifting. A vigilant bridge watch is, therefore, essential. By watching the bearing of two fixed lights or objects in line. Beam bearings are the best. If they change, the ship is dragging. By dropping the deep sea lead on to the bottom, and noting if it trails ahead of the ship. By observing the anchor cable if she comes to long stay then short stay and then long stay repeatedly means she is dragging anchor. The ship’s side against the wind hasn’t changed. Checking to see […]
- [Solar system and Kepler's law of Planetary Motion](https://www.cultofsea.com/navigation/solar-system/): Solar system Consists of the Sun, the planets, the planetary satellites, asteroids, comets and meteors. Sun has a dia (865,000 miles) of more than 700 times larger than all the other bodies taken together. It is the only body of the solar system which radiates light. It rotates about its own axis, completing one rotation in about 25 days. There are eight non-luminous planets which we see only because they reflect light and they exhibit phases like the moon. In order of distance from the sun, they are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Between the orbits of […]
- [Revised High Risk Area - BMP4 effective 1 December 2015](https://www.cultofsea.com/general/hra_update/): Section 2 of BMP 4 effective 1 December 2015 : Somali Pirate Activity – The High-Risk Area The High-Risk Area (HRA) is an area within the UKMTO designated Voluntary Reporting Area (VRA) where it is considered there is a higher risk of piracy and within which self protective measures are most likely to be required. The High-Risk Area is now defined as being bounded by: In the Red Sea: Latitude 15 N In the Gulf of Oman: Latitude 22 N Eastern limit: Longitude 065 E Southern limit: Latitude 05 S It should be noted military threat assessments provided by SHADE indicate that the […]
- [Heavy Lift Cargo - Precautions and Stability Changes Onboard Merchant Ships](https://www.cultofsea.com/cargo-work/heavylift/): Precautions for Heavy Lift Onboard Carry out a “Risk Assessment” prior to commencing the operation to ensure that all possible areas of hazard are taken account of and that all risks are at an acceptable, tolerable risk level. Ensure that the stability of the vessel is adequate to compensate for the anticipated angle of heel that be experienced when the load at the maximum angle of outreach. All free surface elements should be reduced or eliminated, if possible, to ensure a positive value of GM throughout the operation. Any additional rigging, such as “preventer backstays” should be secured as per […]
- [Pyrophoric Iron Fires](https://www.cultofsea.com/cargo-work/1552/): At one time or another, most refineries experience spontaneous ignition of iron sulphide either on the ground or inside equipment. When this occurs inside equipment like columns, vessels, and tanks and exchangers containing residual hydrocarbons and air, the results can be devastating. Most commonly, pyrophoric iron fires occur during shutdowns when equipment and piping are opened for inspection or maintenance. Instances of fires in crude columns during turnarounds, explosions in sulphur, crude or asphalt storage tanks, overpressures in vessels, etc., due to pyrophoric iron ignition are not uncommon. Often the cause of such accidents is a lack of understanding of […]
- [Intact Stability - Tankers](https://www.cultofsea.com/marpol/intact-stability-tankers/): Annex I- Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil Chapter 4 – Requirements for the cargo area of oil tankers. Part A – Construction Regulation 27 – Intact stability 1 Every oil tanker of 5,000 tonnes deadweight and above delivered on or after 1 February 2002 shall comply with the intact stability criteria specified  for any operating draught under the worst possible conditions of cargo and ballast loading, consistent with good operational practice, including intermediate stages of liquid transfer operations. Under all conditions, the ballast tanks shall be assumed slack. .1 In port, the initial metacentric height GMo, corrected […]
- [Visual Storm (Cyclone) Warning Signals for Indian Sea Ports](https://www.cultofsea.com/general/storm-warning-india/): When storm (cyclone) warnings are given by news channels, they mostly report only the storm warning signal numbers hoisted in sea ports. What those signal numbers imply are not known to the common man listening/viewing the news. Here are some details of Visual Storm (Cyclone) Warning Signals for Indian Sea Ports. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) is responsible for providing tropical cyclone warnings. Tropical cyclone warnings are provided by three Area Cyclone Warning Centres (ACWCs) located at Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai in addition to three Cyclone Warning Centres at Bhubaneswar, Visakhapatnam and Ahmedabad. The entire cyclone warning work is coordinated […]
- [Lifting Operations Onboard Ship](https://www.cultofsea.com/cargo-work/lifting-operations-onboard-ship/): Lifting Operations  – Do’s and Dont’s 1 Every lifting operation must be – (a) properly planned; (b) appropriately supervised, and (c) carried out in a safe manner. 2 No lifting operation should be begun using equipment which is mobile or can be dismantled unless the employer is satisfied that the lifting equipment will remain stable during use under all foreseeable conditions taking into account the nature of the surface on which it stands. 3 All lifting operations must be properly planned, appropriately supervised and carried out to protect the safety of workers. Whilst this applies to all vessels, it is particularly […]
- [Control of operational discharge of oil (Cargo Area)](https://www.cultofsea.com/marpol/control-of-operational-discharge-of-oil-cargo-area/): Marpol Regulation 34 Discharges outside special areas Any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixtures from the cargo area of an oil tanker shall be prohibited except when all the following conditions are satisfied: .1 the tanker is not within a special area; .2 the tanker is more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest land; (This is to make quite certain that the very small amounts of oil permitted to be discharged in compliance with requirements (.4) and (.5)will not reach the shore.) .3 the tanker is proceeding en route; (This eliminates the possible concentration of the permitted discharge from […]

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- [About us](https://www.cultofsea.com/about/): We all are floating on the ocean of knowledge, aren’t we? We, at Cult of Sea, help you expand your circle of knowledge by imparting it within this tightly-knit community of seafarers. Knowledge of what? Glad you asked! We try to provide you with the knowledge of the ships and everything related to it. We, seasoned sailors, go through a myriad of experiences during our journey at the sea. And in our field – Knowledge, truly, is Power. The lack of proper knowledge about something is perceived to give rise to several problems for the whole community. Our motto is […]


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